Britt, Jeff A.
Road Mc Lellan Co - South San Francisco, California, USA

While commercial orchid nurseries around the world have been pursuing breeding improvements in Phlaenopsis and Dendrobium, and orchid enthusiasts have been preoccupied with paphiopedilums, masdevallias and cattleyas, a quiet revolution has been taking place. Long neglected by most serious orchid breedrs, the oncidiums and related genera have been re-discovered be a few forward-thinking nurseries who recognize them for their almost unlimited development potential. The early fruits of this new interest in Oncidium intergeneric gbreeding has yelded new varieties that are turning the heads of orchid hobbyits and commercial pot plant nurseries alike. We will explore some of the recent trends in this exciting area or orchid breeding, looking at the attibutes of the best new varietes, identifying superior parents used in making them, and gazing into the future of Oncidium intergeneric breeding.

Motes, Martin R.
Motes Orchids, 2500 Farm Life Road, Homestread, Florida 33021 USA

Nearly all modern Vanda hybrids are the result of crossing just four species of Vanda to Euanthe sanderiana. This paper documents the success that has been acheived by introducing a few of the other thirty five Vanda species to Standard hybrid bloodlines. in addition to new colors and patters, numerous other desirable qualities have emerged. Many of these are precocious, free-flowering plants which possess great vigor, flourishing under lower light and temperature regimes which make them highly suitable for cultivation in temperature greenhouses or under lights. American Orchid Society awards recognition has been granted to a significant number of these plants and other are still in the developmental stages. Illustrations of these and other potential new lines of breeding are presented.

Machado, Érico de Freitas
Cx. Postal 01-0841, Vitória, ES

O orquidófilo Erico de Freitas Machado, que tem em seu sítio "Florabela", no município de Marechal Floriano - Espírito Santo, sua própria "Reserva orquidófila" (cerca de 500 espécies nativas de seu estado e milhares de plantas), abordará tema sobre "Curiosidades, formas diferentes e novidades" (fruto de suas observações em 46 anos), principalmente em Cattleya warneri, Laelia perrinii, Laelia pumila e Laelia praestans, além de outras, como Leptotes bicolor, Zygostates lunata, Maxillaria (ex Marsupiaria) iridifolia, Miltonia spectabilis, Miltonia moreliana, Catasetum cernuum e um novo Pleurothalopsis.

Yam, Tim W.
Senior Research Officer, Singapore Botanic Gardens, SINGAPORE

Paraphalaenopsis is a samll genus of the tribe Vandeae. The genus comprises 4 species; Paraphalaenopsis denevei, P. laycockii, P. serpentilingua and P. labukensis. All are endemic to Borneo. Breeding with Paraphalaenopsis began in the 1930's, shortly after Paraphalaenopsis denevei was discovered. until mid 1996, the four species of Paraphalaenopsis have produced more than 200 hybrids. This paper aims to give a review on the species and hybrids of this interesting genus.

Sagarik, Rapee
6 Paholyonthin r.D. Soi 41, Ladayao, Jatujak, Bangkok, 10900 THAILAND

If the concept which appears in this article were being done, possibly it would not only be a particular species of orchid, but every kind of life and material which is naturally interrelated at an equal value.

During the past few decades man has started to be concerned about losses of nature and the environment which in turn cause various problems in man's life. One must realize that in order to look toward a solution to the problem, a concentrated review of the cause must come first.

We look to plants as an immovable life, once growing bigger and being able to provide shade, humidity, as well reglate a proper temperature for younger plants in order to keep them surviving and growing. Each bigger one has a deeper and broader root system proportionately in order to keep each more stable.

But man, able to move from place do place freely, has a spirit of responsibility to those still younger, or with a more difficult or poorer life to help them grow with higher opportunity and materials.

In the circle of man whose lives are relted with orchids, recent reflection on both the idea and the impact of the activity of the conservation of wild orchids. Pratical reflection on the impact leads us in two directions. One is to creat power from men who stay on a higher level or opportunity in order to control those who are down one level. Another is to take orchids which have been in mans hand back to nature.

Reflextively looking with the use of basic concept of conservation, in which every kind of life and material, which are born, existing in nature equally valued and naturally related and depending on each other shows two ideas. The idea on one base that is parciularly or selectively being used may give a positive result. One group of people can get control of another which has less opportunity and power and are still undereducated. Of course this will cause relationships and understanding in the orchid circle to be more broken in the world.

Another idea is of taking cultivated orchids back to keep growing in nature, this while the forest nature which is the home of orchids as well as other kinds of plants and animals is still being lost day by day, and roots of behavior of orchids are already being changed by man.

If we really know the truth of lige of man and deeply recognize that man has a spirit within nature of himself that controls what man thinks and does, we should know the basic level of solving a problem. A man should cleanse his own spirit or renovate his spirit of love, not only to orchids, which is jut a communicated material but a spirit of love toward and among man with sincere emphasis toward those with less opportunity.

Everyting, confidentially should be returned back to the preference which makes each and everyone unique.

GruB, Olaf
In der Au 48, D-83224 Grassau, GERMANY

The history of hybridization with the genus Phragmipedium began in 1870 when the first artificial hybrid bloomed in the nursery of Messrs. Veitch & Sons in Chelsea. It was a croissing of Phrag. caricimum with Phrag. caudatum. H.G. Reichenbach f. described it like a new species in the Gardeners'Chronicle, and in honour of John Dominy, the head gardener at Veitch's, it was named Phrag. Dominianum. He commented about that:

"We feel highly pleased to name the novelty in honour of Mr. Dominy, to whose skill we are indebted for so many highly curious additions to our knowledge of hybrids: It is remarkable that in this description Reichenbach f. named Phrag. pearcei as parent, whereas in the Sanders' List of Orchid Hybrids only Phrag. caricinum is named. The same confusion is found with some others hybrids such as Phrag. Conchiferum and Phrag. Stenophyllum.

In 1873 the hybrif of the genus Phragmipedium, which was dominant for almost one century, Phrag, Sedenii, bloomed again at. Messrs. Veitch's and specially under their gardener Seden. The hybrid was a croissing of Phrag. schlimii and Phrag. longifolium. At it happened with all the outstanding hybrids of that time, in this case an official description of this new hybrid - as with the new species - was published in 'The Gardeners'Chronicle' of 25th October 1873 by H.G. Reichenbach f., Various further croissings were made with Phrag. Sedenii (16 altogether were mentioned).

After 36 hybrids altogether under more than 50 names became known mainly in England till the turn of the century, 3 others followed till 1906. Most of the hybrids were owed to chance and seldom were the result of a determined crossings. The seed was monstly sown on the substrate of the pollinated plants resulting in a relatively low growth rate.

After 1906 there was a long brak. On the one hand only few species were being cultivated, on the other hand the cultivation with the hybrids that had been created so far was not very productive. A further problem was the difficulty in cultivating the plants and making them bloom. In spite of various attempts of hybridizing only few hybrids with which they continued the hybridizing with the primary hybrids or the hybrids of the second generation. The hybrids mostly turned out to be interfile. One exception is Phrag. Turconiense (Phrag. caricimum X Phrag. Lemoinieranum) which is the result of a fourth stage of hybridizing.

With Phrag. Praying Mantis, the hybrid of Phrag, longifolium with Prag. boissieriamum, the next hybrid was applied for registration by the Fred A. Stewart Inc. from San Gabriel in California only in 1975, after a 69 year's break. Soon 2 others followed.

Between 1975 and 1990, 9 new hybrids were created, mainly in the USA. The discovery of Phrag. Besseae in 1981 caused a stronger interest of the friends of orchids and of the cultivators in this species. A real renaissance of this direction of cultivation began. People hoped they would be able to transfer the intensive red colour to the corresponding hybrids. in 1991 the first hybrids of this kind, Phrag. Hanne Popow, a croissing with Phrag. schlimii, was in flower at Hilmar Doll in Germany. In the same year Phrag. Eric Young (with Phrag. Longifolium), Prag. Ecua-Bess (with Prag. ecuadorense), and Phrag. Mary Bess (with Prag. caricinum) followed. Animated by these succesful hybridizing the other species were also used for various croissings so that 33 new hybrids were applied from 1991 to 1995.

The hybridizing was dominated by the cultivators in the USA (Dr. D. Pulley, Louis Hegedus and Stermitz, Harbinger), of the Eric Young Orchid Foundation of the isle of Jersey, by German cultivators such as Franz Glanz and Hilmar Doll and particularly in recent time also by Japanese cultivators such as Mochizuki.

At present three types seem to dominate the hybridization with the genus Phragmipedium.

1. Determinated hybridizing in order to produce well-growing well-blooming attractive hybrids with a bloom that keeps for several weeks even for the enthusiasts of orchids for cultivating on the windowsill.

2. The cultivation of hybrids with long inflorescences with several flowers each, all open at the same time for exhibitions with partly much need of space.

3. Hybridizing out of curiosity, simply as an attempt do hybridize all the species that are known and are being cultivated and inorder to find out the potencial of hybriding.

Attempts of hybridizing the species of the genus Phragmipedium with those of the genus Paphiopedilum were mostrly hardly even successful. Partly the seed shot quite well, by to my knowledge the growing plants always died soon after transplanting. It is true that five hybrids were mentioned under the name of Phragmipaphium in the literature, but they all seem rather dubious.

Specially at the Eric Young Foundation they are trying to surmount the barriers at hybridizing over several generations by cultivating and using tetraploid species and hybrids, thus possibly attaining a variety of hybrids as it was possible with the genus Paphiopedilum. The first results are quite encouraging, e.g. Phrag. Corbi1ère (Phrag. Calurum X Phrag. Eric young).

Special hope can be placed in Phrag. dalessanderoi (mostrly classified as Phrag. besseae var. dalesanderoi), which has hardly been cultured so far, with its great number of flowers (up to 12)

Monkhouse, Sydney Alfred
P.O. Box 576 WILLUNGA, South Australia 5172, AUSTRALIA

Having been in business from an early age, my first contact with orchids was in 1957 when I purchased a few Cymbidium seedlings. With my wife, Shirley, we began an orchid nursery in 1961. This was named Adelaide Orchids.

From a part time business it became our full time occupation from 1963. At that stage 1 had already been secretary of the Orchid Club of South Australia Inc., for 2 years.

Adelaide Orchids still remains connected to the family, now being owned by my son Stephen and his wife Robyn.

I was a member of the Orchid Club of S.A. Comittee continuously until 1988 occupying all positions on Committee including three terms, each of three years, as President. Being one of the original members of our foundation judging panel I also spent some 8 years as Registrar of judges and 5 years as Registrar general of the Australian Orchid Council. This latter led to my being awarded a Fellowship of the Australian Ochid Council in 1971., A three year term as president of the Australian Orchid Council followed. Our business, although basically orchid hybridisation, plant propagation and inclusive of an orchid laboratory, also dealt with cymbidium orchid cut flowers exporting to such areas as USA, Canada, Japan, Italy, Holland and Germany. This connection with commercial cut flower cymbidiums began around 1965 which has given me a good insight into the cut flower business in a wide range of markets. I have long seen the necessity for recognition by orchid organisations of orchids of high commercial potential and it is pleasing to be able to contribute to this evolution.

I am convinced that we must keep up with the changing world, even in orebids. it has been my pleasure to chair an international committee to set up Commercial Orchid Awards. For far too long there has been no commercial mileage for growers to exhibit in international orchid displays and with the huge build up of orchid growing for commercial purposes we must recognise and appreciate the industry if we hope to continue to attract participation. I have been instrumental in introducing Australian Quality Flower Awards for the whole floral and pot plant industry in Australia and have had some experience in the initial problems that can confront us in such exhibits.

Since retiring, I have been elected to our local Council and i am enjoing this rewarding duty.

My main passion now is painting, with colours and acrylic being my most popular media and I am currently in the process of finishing a book on orchid culture for which I have produced the colour illustratios. i have had some sucess with painting sales in U.K., Japan and Australia.

Living at Willunga on a gold course estate I obviously have a keen interest in Golf.

Last year I was honoured to be appointed a Cooresponding Judge of the Ameriacn Orchid Society.

Summing up, my knowledge of orchids has been built up entirely through experience over a long period with an accompanying passion to learn all I could about them.

Nash, Ned
Director of Education & Conservation
American Orchid Society, 6000 South Olive Ave., West Palm Beach, FL, USA

"Orchid Conservation" has been one of the American Orchid Society's stated aims since its inception in 1921. "Orchid Conservation" has been a topic of presentations at every World Orchid Conference. "Orchid Conservation" is one of the real "hot buttons" among orchid lovers around the world. The American Orchid Society's "Conservation Policy" is a continuing subject of debate and controversy. If modern thinking has made anything clear regarding "conservation" and "conservation policy" it is that the former cannot construct an isolated effort toward any particular organism, and the latter must not ve written in stone, absolute and unchanging.

Any conservation-related view of stance taken by the American Orchid Society on behalf of its membership and the American orchid community must embrace understandable and accepted concepts endorsed by the majority. Many facts, concepts, myths, relationships, controversies, vested interests and other issues affect any attempt to formulate a unified and acceptable position on the part of the American Orchid Society. What are these issues, how are they inter-related, and how can we develop a balanced and effective stance that will be acceptable to the greatest number of constituents? These issues are particularly relevant in the intensifying rivalry between developed and developing nations over their conflicting needs.

Ejiri, Munekazu
Suwada Orchid Nursery
Ichikawa, Chiba 272, JAPAN

Cattleya hybrids in the world seem quiet recently compare to other genera. Large lavender hybrids for cut flower purposes are almost completed except controlling flowering season. We can get good shaped very large flowers. But even we as orchid growers do not care about this, although large lavender flowers are all the same to the publuc. Orchids have become popular in Japan, most of general public always asks what's new in Cattleya hybrids. To keep their interest to Cattleya hybrids, we need to show them something different. There are several ways to go. Create new colors, increase number of flowers and flowers size, or creat new types. What are new types of Cattleya hybrids? Of course their are many answers. One of the answers we are trying is the miniature size hybrid.

As many people knows already, Japan is one of leading country for miniature Cattleya hybrids. Many of those hybrids are based on Brasilian Cattleya alliance species. There are four major lines of Miniature Cattleya hybrid in Japan now.

Most successful line is Sc. Beaufort line. Sc. Beaufort is Soph. coccinea times C. luteola. Both Brazilian miniature species. If Sc. Beaufort is used as pod or pollen parent, most hybrids come out as an average with well shaped miniature flowers. But both plant and flowers are small even crossed with large flowers. And color is not so clear also.

Lc. Mini purple line is unique. Lc. Mini Purple is cross between L. pumila and C. walkeriana, which is also both Brazilian species. Lc. Mini Purple hybrid has very strong influence from other parent. If you cross with large lavender, you can get medium size plant with medium size flower, but flowers shape is as a small type of other parent. So if you want to make medium size flower but with same shape, you may use Lc. Mini Purple.

Third line is Blc. Love Sound Hybrid. Blc. Love Sound is the cross between L. briegeri and Blc. Bouton D'or. Of couse L. briegeri is a Brazilian species. Blc. Love Sound has this bright and clear colors.

Last line is the Lc. Tropic Glow Line. Lc. Tropic Glow is a not so popular name. It is the cross between L.milleri and Lc. Hawaiian Glow. L. milleri is also Brazilian species and very important to make pure reds. And also combination between Lc. Tropic Glow and C. intermedia line Hybrids are very unique. This cross produce very colorful flowers.

These new types of mimture Cattleya flowers could make a lot of attention to general public.

Herman, Donald E.
2500 Rockdell Street, La Crescenta, California 91214, USA

Dark purple cattleyas, those large, shapely hybrids that range in color from a rich, dark velvet to very warm red-purples, are probably the most popular and beautiful of all orchids. When studying the genealogy of these hybrids, we find four basic lines of breeding that evolve from C. Fabia, a century-old hybrid and C. labiata, a very special Brazilian species. The species is Cattleya labiata. it is special for the genus was named after a plant of C. labiata that was sent to England in 1818. It was discovered by William Swainson. When it flowered in England, it was described by John Lindley in 1821 and named for his friend and benefactor, William Cattley of Barnet. What is truly remarkable is that Swainson did not tell the location of the species habitat, and it remained a secret for seventy years. Not until Erich Bungeroth, a German horticulturist, rediscovered it in 1889 was it once again collected. During those seven decades many other orchids were discovered by collectors searching for C. labiata.

The "single hybrid" referred to was created at Messrs. J. Veitch & Sons nursery in 1894. Cattleya Fabia was the result of crossing. C. labiata with the yellow species, C. dowiana. Time has shown us that the registration listing of C. dowiana is probably in error. The C. dowiana from Costa Rica has too many breeding characteristics and problems that conflict with those of the progeny of this hybrid. The closely related C. aurea of Colombia is most certainly the parent used. s hybridizers and scientists have learned through the years, breeding yellow cattleyas with lavenders or purples creates darker, warmer colored purples. This is due to two layers of color pigments involving caretonoids and flavenoids which intensify the depth of color. From C. Fabia came four basic lines of breeding that represent about ninety percent of all dark purple hybrids. We shall call the four lines the "Cavalese", the 'Hartland", the "Ardentissima" and the "Nigrella". Through pictures and verbal analysis the dominant and recessive characteristics of each line will be considered. The old, the classic and the new orchids that each line has produced will be briefly reviewed leading to the conclusion that most if not all dark purple and re-purple cattleyas come from the four lines of C. Fabia. Finally having reached a "sound conclusion", a creation of a famous Brazilian hybridizer will show the inevitable exception.

Joyce Stewart, Director of Horticulture
The Royal Horticultural Society's Garden
Wisley, Woking, Surrey GU23 6QB, United Kingdom

The Royal Horticultural Society was started in London in 1804 and has had a close connection with orchids and orchid growing ever since. The Society maintains a collection of orchids of horticultural merit at its major garden at Wisley, and its orchid grower, Lucinda Lachelin, is present at this Conference.

The RHS Orchid Committee was set up in 1889 and meets regularly at the Halls in Wesminster to asess plants for awards. Under the chairmanship of Alasdair Morrison, the Committee also meets at Chelsea Flower Show every year and some other major Shows including those organised by the British Orchid Council. The Society employs an artist, Cherry-Ane Lavrih, to record in water colours a flower of all awarded orchids. To date there is an archive collection of more than 7,000 paintings in the Society's Lindley Library. This Library also contains many books and periodicals and commemorates the 'father of orchidology', John Lindley (1799-1865), who was the Society's Secretary for many years.

On the international scene, the RHS also plays a leading role. It provides two members of the World Orchid Conference Trust, a body based in Bermuda which coordinates the organisation of the series of World Orchid Conferences. Since the early years of these Conferences, the Society has contributed to the International Commission on Classification, Nomenclature and Registration and has given extensive assistance to the printing of each edition of the Handbook on Nomenclature and Registration', an invaluable resource for all orchid growers. Other publications include the new 'Manual of Orchids and their Cultivation', published las year, and 'The Orchid Review', now in its 105th years of publication.

For 36 years the RHS has been the International Orchid Registration Authority for Orchid Hybrids, and it maintains a fully computerised Orchid Hybrid Register. It publishes the 5-yearly Addenda to 'Sander's List of Orchid hybrids', the lateste of which has appeared in 1996. The Society has been closely involved in the production of two Compact Disks, The RHS Orchid Information System' and 'The RHS Orchid Registration System'.

Dr. Isaías olando
Calle Once 153, Urb. Las Magnolias, Lima 33, Perú

After the introduction in Europe of Cattleya violacea (Kunth, 1816), Cattleya maxima (Lindley, 1831), Cattleya luteola (Lindley, 1853), the Peruvian territory was well known to host some other new species. In that way commercial collectors were able to find Cattleya iricolor (Reinchenbach, 1874). The search continued until the discovery of the king of Cattleyas; Cattleya rex (O'Brien, 1890). Almost after one hundred years a new specie in subgenyus stellata, the new member Cattleya mooreana was discovered (Withner, 1988)

Cattleya maxim and Cattleya rex are the two handsome Cattleyas in Peru. In the last twenty years we have been able to witness the appearance of new varieties for these two species. For Cattleya maxima, we now have the following list: var. alba "Frida"; var alba "Mariza"; var. delicata "Karl"; var. semi-alba "Paola"; var. virginalis; var. superba; var. venosa "Mem. Win McPheeters"; Cattleya maxima "La Negra"; var. coerulea, "Emilia", Cattleya maxima "Ricardo Fernandez"HCC/AOS.

Presently the kin of Cattleyas, Cattleya rex, has also a good number of clones and varieties; var. alba "Tomy"; var. delicata "Manuel Camacho"; var. semi-alba "Lidia"; far. flamea "Manuel Arias"; var. flamea "Paola"; var. splash "Mariza"; var. superba "Emilia"; Cattleya rex "Sofia"; Cattleya rex "Paola Rubi"; Cattleya rex "Genevieve"; var. rosea "Rosita"; Cattleya rex "La Creme".

There is a lot to be done with the other Peruvian Cattleyas, specially for Cattleya violacea, because clones as the famous "Muse"FCC/AOS, as it was originally purchased in Peru by the late Fred Fuchs, are still around in very few collections in our country.

Johan Hermans
17 Rosewood Drive
Enfield, Middlesex
EN2 9BT
England

"What a memorable moment in my Orchid life was it when I first saw this flowers... Could I rtust my eyes? Did I dream? I felt the enjovment of life as I has seldom done, thinking it was a great boon to see such a marvel, that had lurked for thousands and thousands of years unseen in solitude I would scarcely have velieved in such a thing from a mere description.
Thus I named it Chimaera"

In this way Professor Reichenbach introduced Dracula chimaera to Victorian Horticulture. Just over 125 years after the discovery of this first plant, the genus now counts over one hundred different species, many of them discovered only during the last few decades.

The genus belongs in the Pleurothallidinae subtribe and plants originate from South and Central America, with their highest concentration in the shady and wet forested mountain slopes of Colombia and Ecuador.

The genus as we know it today was created by Carlyle Luer MD., who separated the Saccilabiatae group from the genus Masdevallia, his major revision and description of numerous new species, many of them large and exciting, has sparked a revival of interest in Dracula.

A number of fascinating stories surround the first discoveries and appearance in horticultural circles of the late 19 th. century. Professor Reichenbach f., Benedict Roezl, Frederick Boyle, Gustav Wallis, J.H. Chesterton and many anonymous grower all have a fascinating story to tell, their gripping tales illustrate the challenge of early exploration in inhospitable terrain, slow and deadly importation methods and the difficulties in growing the tricky plants once they reached the Victorian flasshouses. Today a number of these problems have been solved but some are not unfamiliar to modern frowers.

Recently a number of artificial hybrids are emerging, both from within the genus and with members of Masdevallia, proving an interesting insight in the genetic relationship of the different groups. A number of 'spontaneous'hybrids have also been noted in the recent past, their nomenclature is in need of verification.

A fim de verificar algumas características de fontes alternativas ao xaxim, procurou-se neste estudo verificar a alteração do pH da fibra de xaxim, da casca de Pinus e do Angico branco. Foi verificada, também o crescimento das plantas de Phalaenoesis sp cultivado nestes substratos no período estudado.

Foram utilizados neste experimento plantas jovens com aproximadamente um ano de idade, onde estes foram acondicionados em vasos plásticos (pote 13) de coloração branca com os substratos estudados. A alteração do pH durante o estudo foi o seguinte: as fibras de xaxim, apresentou na primeira leitura, no plntio, pH de 4,30, alterando para pH de 5,10 após um ano e chegando a atingir pH = 5,20 após 2 anos. A casca de Pinus acompanhou as alterações do xaxim, tendo na primeira leitura pH= 4,10, na segunda leitura pH=5,10 e na última pH=6,80. A casca de Angico, já apresentou na primeira leitura pH de 5,30, evoluindo para 5,60 na segunda leitura, e chegando ao pH 5,90 na última leitura. Com relação ao crescimento das plantas, as cultivadas em xaxim e casca de Pinus, não diferiram estatisticamente, apresentando um ganho final em média 460 g (peso fresco) por plantas, cultivadas em casca de angico, apresentou pequeno crescimento, com um ganho em peso fresco em média de 250g por planta. Com estes dados, podemos concluir que a casca de pinus (Pinus caribaeae) possui características semelhantes com relação a degradação e crescimento das plantas, podendo este ser considerado fatores positivos no cultivo das orquídeas do gênero Phlaenopsis sp.

By Milton O. Carpenter
Everglades Orchides
110 - Tabit Road
Belle Grade, Florida USA

Discussion starts with the establishment of the genus Miltonia, moves on to the climatic conditions usually encounted for these plants in sit, nd elaborates on the warm and humid conditions found in South Florida, USA. where Brazilian Miltonia's are grown and hbridized by the author. Reference to the diverse cultural conditions within the Oncidiinae are noted and special note made of the requirements for Odontoglossum's and the intergeneric Odonitoda. how warmth tolerant hybrids with the beauty of Odontoglossums have been created, utilizinf the Brasilian Miltonia's and their intrageneric hybrids is central to this presentation. Brief reference to the difficulties arising because of different chromosome counts are made before discussion and illustration of the Brazilian Miltonia's species and their various intergeneric hybrids. Where applicable, those cultivars which have received awards from the American Orchid Society, are noted.

Tom Harper
Stones River Orchids
9373 Clovercroft Road
Franklin, TN 37067
USA

Breeding true red phalaenopsis has challenged hybridizers for yers. Their accomplishments have included numerous examples of small waxy, lavender-red, star-shaped flowers bred directly from specie parents and resembling them in many ways, particularly in size and limited floriferousness. Success with larger red flowers has been more limited.

New directions from hybridizers are targeting the development of strong true red colors, larger flower size and increased floriferousness. Crossing like red hybrids in producing some spectacular results, but process is slow and unfortunately filled with wrong turns and deal ends.

The work in breeding for red flowers originates from three distinct directions:

1. The use of the species

2. The influence of Phal Golden Buddha

3. The contributions of striped and spotted breeding

The poresentation will focus on these principal directions and other lesser influences to produce the true red phalaenopsis.

Dr. Kiat W. Tan
Chief Executive Officer
National Parks Board
Singapore Botanic Gardens
Gluny Road, Singapore 259569
Republic of Singapore

Orchids lend themselves as landscape material because of rthe longevity of bloom of wide range of species. Featuring orchids in a garden requires, however, design considerations to cater to the needs of the material selected. Concurrently, selections made from the range of orchid material available must serve to illyustrate the thematic garden design while displaying to full advantage the myriad variations of shape, colour, size and form that exist in the Orchid family. Base preparations for permanent and rotating components for the display of orchids are discussed, as well as procedures and operational programmes for the long-term maintenance of the garden. Techniques and material for the growing and display of orchid material in a landscape are discussed and illustrated, along with supporting plant material for augmenting the quality of the display, Finally, examples of the various aspects of landscaping with orchids discussed are amply provided in following the design, development and implantation or a public garden dedicated to the exposition of orchids in Singapore.

Alan Moon
Eric Young Orchid Foundation
Victoria Village
Trinity
Jersey
JE 3 5HH
Channel Islands

One of the main criteria of the collection the furtherance of breeding orchids. To this end work is being carried out at the Foundation of doubling chromosome number to enhance both breeding compativility's in diverse types, while at the same time producing a more commercial flower that has a larger size, heavier texture and longer keoping qualities. This programme is supported by Don Wimber, Professor fo Biology, University of Oregon, USA, within such genera as Phragmipedium, Paphiopedilum and Miltroniopsis.

By breeding on the leading edge of orchid hybridising I will explain that by firstly having an objetive and then combining the scientist with the grower, that fascinating and sometimes quite amazing results are achieved. This is borne out by the prodigious amount of awards that the Foundation have been credited with by orchid judges world-wide during the last ten years, in orchid rens this is a very short period.

Finally, looking to the future. Seeking the ultimate dream for a perfect flower of award quality. At the same time looking for a commercially viable pot plant, that is really a by product of our hybridising programme.

Cesar Wensel
Rio Claro, São Paulo

Tentativa de demonstrar porque os cultivadores desta espécie não tem sucesso em s3u cultivo devido ao excesso de água e não obediência as estaçvões bem definidas de água (chuva) e seca.

Um alerta aos órgãos governamentais sobre as espécies brasileiras a extinção.

A coleta de plantas e o cuidado em se deixar sempre "o sangue" da planta boa para que haja continuidade é a chnce de se conseguir boas plantas no futuro.

Apresentação de clones selecionados já produzidos em laboratório é a vantagem que se leva na produção de espécies pela propagação artificial.

Longevers and unique anging phenomena are among the many interesting characteristics of orchid flowers. No extensive literature search has been cariod out to determine whwther any of these phenomena were deseribed in some of the carly European and/or Asian writings. The earliest illustration of aging orchid flowers I have been able to rind is one of Holpactts by Conrad Gesner (156-1565) who died of the plagne in Zurich. This illustration was made between 1531 and 1565. It was published between 1751 and 1771 in Opera Botanica, ten year after the publication, between 1741 and 1750, of Herbarium Amboinense which contains an illustrated description of post-pollination phenomena of Grammanophyllum scripsun flowers made by "the Blind Seer of Ambon."Georgius Everhardus Rumphius (ca 1627 Hanau, Germanyu-1702 Ambon, Indonesia, a Dutchman born in Germany who adopted Ambon as his country) between 1654 and 1670 Subsequente description of aging post-harvest and pos-pollination phenomena in ochid flowers were published in the European literature as part o pollination and ambryology studies. A report Britz Müller (1821 Germany-1897, Brazil) that orchid pollen was poisonous to flowers because pollination caused the death of perianth segments was accepted by Darwin who included it in his book on orchid pollination. The German plant physiologist Hans Fitting (1877-1970) qu3estioned the 'poisonous pollen"theory and showed that a substance in the pollen brought about post-pollination phenomena. He called this substance "pollenhormon" thereby becoming the first plant scientist to suggest that plant have hormones. Research by investigation after Fitting suggested that this hormone is auxin. What can now be called the 5rst modern research In aging of orchid flowers was carried out in the late 1940s in the laboratory of Prof. John T. Curtis by Dr. T-H. T. Hsiang (as Professor at the University of Beijing she became knows as I H. Tsao) Suce then a number of investigatiors in all parts of the world have carried out research on post-antaesis physiology of orchid flowers.

Fuchs, Robert F.
R.F.Orchids, Homestead, Florida, USA

Discussed will be the intergenerics in the Vandaceous Alliance. Generally, these hybrids are made by crossing Vandas and Ascocendas with other vandaceous genera. Many of the genera, species and hybrids that are to be found in the background of almost all the vandaceous hybrids that you commonly see will be shown and their composition and influence in hybridizing discussed.

The intergeneric combinations in the vandaceous alliance seem to be endless. As this breeding progresses we can look forward to unusual color combinations from vibrant to pastel, and a profusion of flowers with spots, flares and tesselations.